Have vs Has vs Had: Complete Usage Guide

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I **have** a laptop.（我有笔记本）
She **has** two keys.（她有两把钥匙）
We **have** a problem.（我们有个问题）

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I **have** breakfast at 8 AM.（我 8 点吃早饭）
She **has** a meeting today.（她今天有会议）
They **have** access to the system.（他们有系统权限）

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I **had** a meeting yesterday.（我昨天有会议）
She **had** access last year.（她去年有权限）
We **had** a problem last week.（我们上周有问题）

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Present: I **have** a key. / She **has** a key.
Past:    I **had** a key.   / She **had** a key.

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I **have been** to Paris.（我去过巴黎）
She **has been** to Japan twice.（她去过日本两次）
We **have been** in this meeting for 2 hours.（我们在这个会议里已经 2 小时了）

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I **have been** busy lately.（我最近一直很忙）
She **has been** sick this week.（她这周一直生病）
The server **has been** down since morning.（服务器从早上就宕机了）

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I **have been** working on this project.（我一直在做这个项目）
She **has been** learning English.（她一直在学英语）
We **have been** waiting for an hour.（我们已经等了一个小时了）

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When I arrived, the meeting **had been** going on for 30 minutes.（我到达时,会议已经进行了 30 分钟）
She **had been** there before I came.（我来之前她已经在那里了）
The server **had been** down for hours before we fixed it.（我们修复前服务器已经宕机好几个小时了）

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I **had been** working there for 2 years before I quit.（我辞职前在那里工作了 2 年）
She **had been** worried about the deadline.（她之前一直担心截止日期）

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Past Perfect     Past Simple      Present
     ↓               ↓                ↓
had been        arrived          now
     |---------------|---------------|
   (before)       (when)         (today)

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HAVE BEEN (Present Perfect):
Past                Present
  |--------------------|
  started         now (still true)
  I have been busy this week.

HAD BEEN (Past Perfect):
Past Perfect    Past Simple
      ↓              ↓
   had been       meeting
      |--------------|
    (before)       (when)
  I had been busy before the meeting.

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Present: I **have** a lot of work today.
Past: I **had** a lot of work yesterday.
Present Perfect: I **have been** working on this project for 3 days.
Past Perfect: I **had been** working on this project before I switched teams.

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Present: I **have** a ticket to Paris.
Past: I **had** a ticket, but I lost it.
Present Perfect: I **have been** to Paris 3 times.
Past Perfect: I **had been** to Paris before I moved to London.

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Present: The server **has** a problem.
Past: The server **had** a problem yesterday.
Present Perfect: The server **has been** down for 2 hours.
Past Perfect: The server **had been** down for 2 hours before we fixed it.

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Is it about now (present)?
  → YES: Use HAVE / HAS ✅

Is it about the past (completed)?
  → YES: Use HAD ✅

Is it about past → present (until now)?
  → YES: Use HAVE BEEN / HAS BEEN ✅

Is it about before a past moment?
  → YES: Use HAD BEEN ✅